السلام عليكم هذا مقال كامل عن مراحل تطور الادب الانجليزي منذ النشأة الى العصر الحديث مفصل كاملاً
The era of English literature has been a continuous stretch of events. Thus, for discussions to be
comprehensible, the authorities divided the era of English literature in entirety, into segments referred to as the periods or evolving transitions of English literature.
English literature may be termed incomplete without the inclusion of its origins. The historians and the authorities of English literature, for the convenience of analysis, have categorized events into periods. The periods of English literature have been described with their dates, forming a set of sub-epochs. Here is an account of each period of English literature.
Witnessing Literary Transitions
Old English Period 450 - 1066
Also known as the Anglo-Saxon period, the old English period was marked by the influx of the Saxons and the Angles tribes invading Celtic England. The invasion extended to the conquest of England in 1066 which was led by William the Conqueror. The conquest was given birth by the Norman French under the
leadership of William. The Anglo Saxons were then converted to Christianity in the 7th century.
صورة من الشعر الانكليزي القديم 450 - 1066
It was only after this transition that the Anglo Saxons could shift to the development of written literature apart from their literature being oral in nature. Bede and Alcuin were scholars who wrote manuscripts in Latin. It is through their writings that an influx of culture and advanced learning was brought into being. The old English poets Cynewulf and Caedmon, composed poems and verses on biblical and religious themes and highlighted the lives of saints and their doctrines. The Wanderer, Deor and The Seafarer are some of the well-known poems that were that were phrased in Old English language. Christian writers dealt with the pagan past with dexterity. Alfred the Great, another patron of literature translated Latin prose into old English, and also initiated important documentary translations executed by him and practically completed by
other writers employed by the warrior-cum-writer.
Middle English Period (1066 - 1500)
When the middle English came into being with its literary usage, the most extensive writing was conducted on subjects associated with religion. The second half of the fourteenth century saw the approach hooded by great authors like Chaucer and John Gower. The most influential and important works of this period, also referred to as the Anglo-Norman period, saw the revelation of works such as Lais and Guillaume de Lorris, composed by Marie de France.
Amongst the other notable literary contributions were Jean de Meun's Roman de la Rose. In the segment of Romances, Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur scores consistently as an author who contributed a valuable prose romance. In a nutshell, this age was coveted with the tag of being the most active with regards to producing religious songs and folk ballads, with miracle and morality plays serving to embellish this age in their own respective ways.
Renaissance (1500 - 1660)
عصر النهضة
An era that was marked by supplementary terms such as rebirth and revival was replaced by a description called early modernism. This term is designated in order to delve on the present and the future rather than analyzing reminiscence.
This age is known to have affected the latter half of the middle ages. This age was here to create an impact on a world that lived in misconceptions and conceit, pretending to be fully aware of universal truths revolving around God, man and nature. The truth was indeed, not fully known, and innovation was yet to take wings in this age. The inventions and innovations that occurred are a testimony to the restless demeanor and curious audacity of an era where religious thinkers and scholars were actively participating. The new technology of printing took shape with ideas and discoveries playing host to authors and poets like Chaucer who had his book Canterbury Tales published. A book of Character or courtesy, the most famous amongst the category is Castiglione's Il Cortegiano. Milton's Paradise Lost and Dante's Inferno were the coveted works that dealt with the imagination of the novel concept of cosmos. Shakespeare's Tempest is an account of new discoveries and voyages with a contemporary saga.
Elizabethan Age (1558 - 1603)
العصر الإليزابيثي
The Elizabethan period of English literature has an established literary response, which was marked by great composers such as Sir Edmund Spencer, Sir Philip Sydney, Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe and Francis Bacon. This age was punctuated for its presence having felt in the field of dramatics and poetry, which lays its meaningful head in the lap of nature. Lyric and narrative poetry
were the corner stones of this era.
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